Tuesday, August 19, 2025

Reading 14: The Lewis and Clark Expedition

The Lewis and Clark expedition, sponsored by President Jefferson, was the most important official examination of the high plains and the Northwest before the War of 1812. The President's secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been instructed to "explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean ...may offer her most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce." Captain William Clark, the younger brother of famed George Rogers Clerk, was invited to share the command of the exploring party.

Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent, the two captains set out. The date was May 14, 1804. Their point of departure was the mouth of the Wood River, just across the Mississippi from the entrance of the Missouri River. After toiling up the Missouri all summer, the group wintered near the Mandan villages in the center of what is now North Dakota.

Resuming their journey in the spring of 1805, the men worked their way along the Missouri to its source and then crossed the mountains of western Montana and Idaho. Picking up a tributary of the Columbia River, they continued westward until they reached the Pacific Ocean, where they stayed until the following spring.

Lewis and Clark brought back much new information, including the knowledge that the continent was wider than originally supposed. More specifically, they learned a good deal about river drainages and mountain barriers. They ended speculation that an easy coast-to-coast route existed via the Missouri-Columbia River systems, and their reports of the climate, the animals and birds, the trees and plants, and the Indians of the West — though not immediately published — were made available to scientists.

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Ekspedisi Lewis dan Clark, yang disponsori oleh Presiden Jefferson, merupakan pemeriksaan resmi paling penting terhadap dataran tinggi dan wilayah Barat Laut sebelum Perang 1812. Sekretaris Presiden, Kapten Meriwether Lewis, telah diperintahkan untuk "menjelajahi Sungai Missouri, dan sungai-sungai utama yang bermuara darinya, yang melalui alirannya dan hubungannya dengan perairan Samudra Pasifik ...dapat menawarkan jalur komunikasi air yang paling langsung dan praktis melintasi benua, untuk tujuan perdagangan." Kapten William Clark, adik dari George Rogers Clark yang terkenal, diundang untuk berbagi komando dalam kelompok penjelajah itu.

Di tengah rumor bahwa ada mammoth prasejarah yang berkeliaran di wilayah yang belum dikenal dan bahwa di suatu tempat di belantara itu terdapat gunung garam batu dengan ukuran 80 kali 45 mil, kedua kapten itu pun berangkat. Tanggal keberangkatan adalah 14 Mei 1804. Titik keberangkatan mereka adalah muara Sungai Wood, tepat di seberang Sungai Mississippi dari pintu masuk Sungai Missouri. Setelah bersusah payah menyusuri Sungai Missouri sepanjang musim panas, kelompok itu bermukim sementara di dekat desa Mandan di pusat wilayah yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Dakota Utara.

Melanjutkan perjalanan mereka pada musim semi tahun 1805, rombongan itu menelusuri Sungai Missouri hingga ke hulunya lalu melintasi pegunungan di barat Montana dan Idaho. Dengan mengikuti anak sungai dari Sungai Columbia, mereka terus bergerak ke barat hingga mencapai Samudra Pasifik, tempat mereka tinggal hingga musim semi berikutnya.

Lewis dan Clark membawa kembali banyak informasi baru, termasuk pengetahuan bahwa benua itu lebih luas daripada yang diduga sebelumnya. Secara lebih khusus, mereka mempelajari banyak hal tentang aliran sungai dan hambatan pegunungan. Mereka mengakhiri spekulasi bahwa ada jalur mudah dari pantai ke pantai melalui sistem Sungai Missouri-Columbia, dan laporan mereka mengenai iklim, hewan dan burung, pepohonan dan tumbuhan, serta penduduk Indian di Barat — meskipun tidak segera dipublikasikan — akhirnya tersedia bagi para ilmuwan.

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